Multi-Theory Model of Health Behavior Change Paper.
Multi-Theory Model of Health Behavior Change Paper.
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Epidemiology Paper Part Three: Implementation and Evaluation
The Epidemiology Paper is a practice immersion assignment designed to be completed in three sections. This is part three of the assignment. Learners are required to identify theories for implementation and evaluation of prevention and health promotion activities for an at risk population.
General Guidelines:
Use the following information to ensure successful completion of the assignment: Multi-Theory Model of Health Behavior Change Paper.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
Doctoral learners are required to use APA style for their writing assignments. The APA Style Guide is located in the Student Success Center. Multi-Theory Model of Health Behavior Change Paper.
This assignment requires that support your position by referencing at least six to eight scholarly resources. At least three of your supporting references must be from scholarly sources other than the assigned readings.
You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.
Directions:
This assignment comprises the third and final part of the Epidemiology Paper. Write a 2,000-2,500 word paper that provides the following:
Identify a public health theory you will use to support the implementation of your prevention and health promotion activities. Provide evidence that supports the use of this theory within the program you designed.
Design evidenced-based prevention and health promotion activities that can be implemented to decrease the health risk among your previously identified population.
Identify the evaluation program you will use to determine the efficacy of your health promotion activities and in meeting the expected outcomes.
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Descriptive Epidemiology
Grand Canyon University: DNP 825
July 22, 2019
Descriptive Epidemiology
Sources of health data and disease surveillance systems provide information to monitor disease and health trends but in raw form. Descriptive epidemiology gives a way of evaluating and compiling the raw information in a way that the variations of the disease among people, variations in frequency over time and geographically can be understood based on personal characteristics, that is, time, place, and time (Siegel et al., 2018). It makes it possible to discover disease and health trends and also gives a medium for resource planning for populations. It is also essential in creating possible explanations (hypotheses) about the disease and health determinants. Through the creation of probable hypotheses, descriptive epidemiology kicks off the analytic epidemiology, formally testing any links between the likely determinants and disease outcomes or health. It plays a critical role in nursing science by establishing the distribution and frequency of a health outcome, and this paper will discuss extensively the contribution that descriptive epidemiology makes in the field of nursing science.
Role and use in Practice
Epidemiology is generally explained as public health science. Just as the other science, it is comprised of the processes that are made to make sure of the accuracy as well as the validity of the conclusions (Bhopal, 2016). The results gotten from the epidemiological lessons can lead to critical legal or legislative action, official declarations of an emergency or even large-scale separation. The process in which different researchers and scientists come up with conclusions in the epidemiological studies is usually more consistent. Descriptive epidemiology refers to epidemiological activities and studies which are descriptive. Descriptive epidemiology is concerned with disease occurrence, regarding the time-related trends descriptions and comparisons in terms of geographical locations (Siegel et al., 2018). In the descriptive epidemiology, the scientists’ group cases in accordance to person, time, and place, to create a clear picture of outbreak urgency. These three characteristics are keenly considered in the event of a disease outbreak since they give critical suggestions on the source of that outbreak.
The part that descriptive epidemiology play today in the field of nursing include identifying any emerging health issues, tracking and giving accounts of behaviors that are health-related among populations and populations’ health status, alerting scientists/ researchers on potential threats that may come from bioterrorism, evaluating intervention programs’ effectiveness, creating population’s public health priorities, and exploring any links between health outcomes and risk factors in order to develop hypotheses on the disease determinants (Siegel et al., 2018). Descriptive epidemiology in the nursing science gives a way of evaluating and compiling the raw information in a way that the variations of the disease can be understood based on personal characteristics, that is, time, place, and time. This epidemiology enables discovery of disease and health trends, gives ways of planning for various populations in terms of resources, and creates possible explanations (hypotheses) about the disease and health determinants.
There has been a close relationship between nursing science and descriptive epidemiology. Traditionally, epidemiology was generally seen as the key source of an analytical tool for administrators and health professionals and was frequently viewed as the public health’s basic science. Descriptive epidemiology holds a critical role in nursing science because it focuses on population and quantitative methods. The impact of descriptive epidemiology on the formation and reformation of healthcare has been immense. It has greatly influenced healthcare-related policies and strategies in the nursing field. Many policies and strategies in the past century have been influenced greatly by epidemiology (Giesecke, 2017). Descriptive epidemiology studies are of great value in assisting in establishing populations’ health, determining the policy of health service, and in planning in the nursing science. Descriptive epidemiology can potentially be of importance in integrating health-related practices into nurses’ professional roles. It is a key tool in the creation and implementation of health policies, giving evidence, and it is on this evidence that the policies are based (Oakes & Kaufman, 2017).
How Epidemiology can be utilized in Public Health
An example of descriptive epidemiology study is the epidemiology study of Kawasaki syndrome in Japan. The incidence rate and the persons suffering from the Kawasaki syndrome in Japan in numbers had been rising. In this study, descriptive epidemiology was applied to describe the available epidemiological data on the illness. Descriptive epidemiology is concerned with disease occurrence, regarding the time-related trends descriptions and comparisons in terms of geographical locations, and in this case, the study was concerned with the occurrence of the Kawasaki disease and the trends. In the descriptive epidemiology, the scientists’ group cases in accordance to person, time, and place, to create a clear picture of outbreak urgency. In this study, the researchers characterized the available epidemiological information following these characteristics.
Methods: a nationwide survey was conducted on Kawasaki disease was conducted in 2013(22nd nationwide survey on the disease). The survey focused on the patients who were infected with the disease in 2011 and 2012, as well as the healthcare organizations and healthcare departments which totaled 1983 (Makino et al., 2015). Specialized pediatric hospitals and hospitals with 100 beds and over with pediatric departments were targeted.
Results: “The response rate was 71.6%. From 1420 healthcare organizations and departments, the number of patients with Kawasaki disease was 26,691; 13, 917 in 2012 and 12, 774 in 2011 with 15 442 males and 11,249 females. In 2011, the incidence rates were 243.1 per 100 000 people from 0-4 years old and 264.8 in 2012. The highest number of Kawasaki disease infections ever recorded in Japan was reported in the year 2012” (Makino et al, 2015). The probability of occurrence in 2012 of complete cases was additionally the highest recorded ever, and this has added to the rising rate in the recent years of total cases. The number of people with the syndrome monthly peaked in January. Other peaks were recorded during summer, even though the peaks were much lower than the peaks experienced in winter. The age-specific probability of occurrence indicated a monomodal distribution (Makino et al., 2015).
Conclusion: The Kawasaki disease’s incidence rate in Japan, as well as the number of patients affected, keep on increasing. There is also a similar trend for patients who have complete Kawasaki disease.
This is an instance that shows the utilization of descriptive epidemiology in the field of public health. In this case, the latest available epidemiological information was characterized according to person, time, and place.
Epidemiology Components of Analyzing Populations At-Risk
The key objective of epidemiology is to establish which population is at-risk and disease’s risk factors. To analyze the populations at-risk, different types of studies are conducted, and the common ones are cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies. In cases where case-control studies are utilized, the people suffering from the disease under study are compared to those who do not have the disease (controls). There is a retrospective recording of exposure. In cohort studies, the people who are exposed to particular risk factors are compared to people not open to the factors. Death and disease occurrence in the two groups is prospectively observed (Moll et al., 2019). In cross-sectional studies, the disease status and the exposure are examined from a sample which is obtained from the population at a time point that is the same. The effect estimates are usually calculated using regression models, considering the influencing factors. The researchers are, therefore, able to state the extent of change due to a certain risk factor in the disease frequency.
I, Julie Ann Childers, verify that I have completed 10 clock hours in association with the goals and objectives for this assignment. I have also tracked said practice hours in the Typhon Student Tracking System for verification purposes and will be sure that all approvals are in place from my faculty and practice mentor.
References
Bhopal, R. S. (2016). Concepts of epidemiology: integrating the ideas, theories, principles, and methods of epidemiology. Oxford University Press.
Giesecke, J. (2017). Modern infectious disease epidemiology. CRC Press.
Makino, N., Nakamura, Y., Yashiro, M., Ae, R., Tsuboi, S., Aoyama, Y., & Yanagawa, H. (2015). Descriptive epidemiology of Kawasaki disease in Japan, 2011–2012: from the results of the 22nd nationwide survey. Journal of epidemiology, JE20140089.
Moll, A. C., de Boer, M. R., Bouter, L. M., & Singh, N. (2019). Principles of Cancer Epidemiology. Clinical Ophthalmic Oncology (pp. 1-10). Springer, Cham.
Oakes, J. M., & Kaufman, J. S. (Eds.). (2017). Methods in social epidemiology. John Wiley & Sons.
Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D., & Jemal, A. (2018). Descriptive Epidemiology. The American Cancer Society’s Principles of Oncology: Prevention to Survivorship, 3.