PSYCHOLOGY/NURSING QUESTIONS
PSYCHOLOGY/NURSING QUESTIONS
ORDER NOW FOR CUSTOMIZED AND ORIGINAL ESSAY PAPERS
I need these questions answered in 150 words each
1. HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
So how is HP viewed today? With the development of Positive Psychology by Marty Seligman, the HP movement has a fit. PSYCHOLOGY/NURSING QUESTIONS
Here is the APA website for the Society of Humanistic Psychology
Attached is an article on the renaissance of HP. What appeals to you regarding HP? Do you have any criticisms, concerns regarding HP?
Attached Files file:///C:/Users/James%20Dada/Downloads/Renaissance%20of%20Humnistic%20Psych..pdf
2. HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
Critiquing Humanistic Psychology
Of course no theory is without its potential shortcomings. Attached is an interesting article on why HP has lost its power in American Psychology. The author raises some interesting points. What do you think?
Attached Files
file:///C:/Users/James%20Dada/Downloads/HPlostpower.pdf
3. DNP-DPI PROJECT
As you continue working on your 10 strategic points and your chapter 2, remember that you will need a theoretical framework/model. This section identifies the theories or models that provide the foundation for the project. This section should present the theories or models(s) and explain how the problem under investigation relates to the theory or model. Sometimes however, students can have difficulty figuring out the difference between theory, theoretical framework and a conceptual framework so they have trouble explaining how their framework related to the problem being addressed with their project. Is there a difference between a theory, theoretical framework, and a conceptual framework?
RenaissanceofHumnisticPsych.1.pdf
HPLOSTPOWER.pdf
Feature
A renaissance for humanistic psychology
The field explores new niches while building on its past.
By REBECCA A. CLAY
September 2002, Vol 33, No. 8
Print version: page 42
7 min read
2
Long plagued by an image problem, humanistic psychology is undergoing revitalization.
Humanistic psychology has, of course, quietly influenced both American psychology and culture
over many decades by informing the civil rights debate and women’s rights movements, for
example. But in recent years, there’s mounting evidence of renewal in the field itself.
In 2000, humanistic psychologists convened a historic conference that re-energized the field
while revealing that the effects of managed care, psychopharmacology and other trends are
resulting in many humanists branching into exciting new practice arenas. Last year, the field
published several landmark texts that humanists hope will form the basis of new courses that
will attract newcomers to the field. And schools across the nation are reporting that interest
among students is already skyrocketing.
“There is room for great optimism about the future of the field,” says Larry M. Leitner, PhD,
president of APA’s Div. 32 (Humanistic) and a psychology professor at Miami University in
Oxford, Ohio.
Influencing mainstream psychology
Emerging in the late 1950s, humanistic psychology began as a reaction against the two schools
of thought then dominating American psychology. Behaviorism’s insistence on applying the
methods of physical science to human behavior caused adherents to neglect crucial subjective
data, humanists believed. Similarly, psychoanalysis’s emphasis on unconscious drives relegated
the conscious mind to relative unimportance.
The early humanistic psychologists sought to restore importance of consciousness and offer a
more holistic view of human life. Abraham Maslow, for instance, developed a hierarchy of
motivation culminating in self-actualization. Carl Rogers introduced what he called person-
centered therapy, which relies on clients’ capacity for self-direction, empathy and acceptance
to promote clients’ development. Rollo May brought European existentialism and
phenomenology into the field by acknowledging human choice and the tragic aspects of human
existence.
In 1964, these and other influential figures came together in Old Saybrook, Conn., to
consolidate their movement. Over the next decade, humanistic psychology’s ideas informed the
civil rights, women’s liberation and antiwar movements and gained widespread popularity in
the wider culture.
In the academic world, however, humanistic psychology’s rejection of quantitative research in
favor of qualitative methods caused its reputation to suffer and its adherents to be
marginalized.
Now that’s changing, says Donald P. Moss, PhD, author of “Humanistic and Transpersonal
Psychology: A Historical and Biographical Sourcebook” (Greenwood, 1998). According to Moss,
humanistic perspectives inform much of mainstream psychology.
“When humanistic psychology came to the fore in the 1950s, psychology was restricted to
studying observable behavior for the most part,” says Moss, a partner at West Michigan
Behavioral Health Services in Grand Haven and Muskegon. “Today we’re no longer surprised
when a psychological researcher wants to study cognitions, thinking and feeling as part of
psychological research. Psychology has reclaimed the totality of human experience.”
For many humanistic psychologists, the recent positive psychology movement is simply
humanistic psychology repackaged. Similarly, crisis counseling’s emphasis on empathic listening
finds its roots in Rogers’s work. In the wider culture, the growing popularity of personal and
executive coaching also points to humanistic psychology’s success. And Moss believes
humanistic psychology’s tenets will only become more relevant as the nation ages, creating a
culture preoccupied with facing death and finding meaning in life.
In fact, humanistic psychology has been so successful at influencing mainstream psychology and
American culture that the field recently suffered what Maureen O’Hara, PhD, calls an “identity
crisis.” Had humanistic psychology permeated the culture so completely that the movement
itself was no longer necessary?
To answer that question, the field convened a conference called Old Saybrook 2 in 2000. More
than 300 people gathered at the State University of West Georgia to explore the movement’s
future.
“Participants concluded that the human needs, hunger, questioning that had inspired our
original thinkers were just as urgent today,” says O’Hara, a member of the conference steering
committee and president of Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center in San Francisco.
“People are more interested in questions of spirituality, authenticity and meaning than they
have been for a decade or two.”
Exploring new niches
Of special interest to conference-goers was humanistic psychology’s role in the face of such
trends as health-care consolidation, globalization and technology’s ascendancy.
“Psychotherapy is under a great deal of new pressure from managed care on the one hand and
the psychopharmacology and neuropsychology revolutions on the other hand,” explains
O’Hara. “When we all got together, we realized that there are a set of new vocations that have
their roots in humanistic psychology ideas, but they’re going somewhere new. We’re finding
ways to work with people in different arenas.”
The key, she and others at the conference decided, is to look beyond the medical model of
psychology. Instead of focusing on what’s wrong with people, humanistic psychologists should
find new ways of helping people strengthen what’s right.
This nonpathologizing view opens up whole new areas of practice, say O’Hara and others. In the
workplace, for example, humanistic psychologists can facilitate dialogues between employers
and employees about the meaning of their work. In schools, they can encourage students to
identify factors that promote alienation rather than self-actualization. In communities, they can
help neighbors resolve conflicts and communicate effectively.
And the opportunities aren’t just in this country, says O’Hara. Humanistic psychologists have
“waded fearlessly” into dangerous situations to facilitate dialogues between white and black
citizens of South Africa, Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland, and Contras and
Sandinistas in Nicaragua.
Spreading the word
While the Old Saybrook 2 conference re-energized the movement, several new publications are
helping the field counter its long-standing image problem.
“In some ways, we still suffer from our reputation of being touchy-feely, of being soft-hearted
and soft-minded,” says David J. Cain, PhD, a senior staff psychologist at the counseling center of
Alliant International University in San Diego. “Now we’re paying much more attention to
research. The humanistic psychologist of today is still soft-hearted, but much more tough-
minded.”
A volume Cain recently co-edited with Julius Seeman, PhD, “Humanistic Psychotherapies:
Handbook of Research and Practice,” reflects that new tough-mindedness. To counter the
field’s reputation for sloppy science, the volume draws on rigorous research in its description of
various psychotherapeutic models.
But Cain’s book isn’t the only one. “All of a sudden, there’s a plethora of new humanistic books
out there,” he says.
“The Handbook of Humanistic Psychology: Leading Edges in Theory, Research, and Practice” is
another book humanistic psychologists point to as a recent landmark. By providing a broad
overview of humanistic psychology’s history, methodologies and applications to current affairs,
the volume’s editors hope to provide an alternative to the outdated materials that have helped
limit the field’s growth in the past.
“Mainstream introductory psychology texts have either ignored humanistic psychology
altogether or given it token space,” says senior editor of the handbook Kirk J. Schneider, PhD, a
private practitioner in San Francisco who is also an adjunct faculty member at Saybrook. “Not
only are the field’s pioneers being neglected but also the field’s interest in very contemporary,
relevant issues like gender, multiculturalism and ecology. And these do not even begin to
encompass the valuable contributions humanists are making in the areas of health care,
spirituality and social action.”
Schneider hopes that his and other new books will inspire the creation of humanistic
psychology courses at universities around the country and help bring a new generation to the
field. Attracting fresh blood is crucial, say others, citing the imminent retirement of many
humanistic psychologists and the displacement of others into such fields as counseling, religious
studies, organizational studies and peace studies.
According to O’Hara, student interest in humanistic psychology is already soaring. The Saybrook
Graduate School has doubled its student body in just four years, for example.
Fortunately, O’Hara says, there’s plenty of work for humanistic psychologists.
Says O’Hara, “If what you have is a way to help people address the significant questions of their
lives, then there are ‘Help Wanted’ signs all over the place.”
Rebecca A. Clay is a writer in Washington, D.C.
RELATED ARTICLES
• Further reading