PSYCHOLOGY: BEHAVIORISM PAPER
PSYCHOLOGY: BEHAVIORISM PAPER
I need about 120 words for each question and prefer to have each question with individual resources and to be in the last 3-5 years
MODULE 1
Topic 1: Historical Concepts and Theoretical Framework
DQ 1
There were many influences and trends in research leading to the emergence of behaviorism as a separate school of thought. Not all contributors were behavioral researchers. Which theorists contributed most significantly to this evolution? Why?
DQ 2
Consider the pioneers of behaviorism. Which behaviorist has offered the most significant contributions to the field of psychology? Why?
RESOURCES
Overskeid, G. (2007). Looking for Skinner and fiinding Freud. American Psychologist, 62(6), 590-595. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.62.6.590
Ledoux, S. F. (2012). Behaviorism at 100. American Scientist, 100(1), 60-65. doi:10.1511/2012.94.60
Clark, R. E. (2004). The classical origins of Pavlov’s conditioning. Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science, 39(4), 279-294. doi:10.1007/BF02734167
Green, C. D. (2009). Darwinian theory, functionalism, and the first American psychological
revolution. American Psychologist, 64(2), 75-83. doi: 10.1037/a0013338
Jackson, J. W. (2018). Structuralism and functionalism. In Salem Press Encyclopedia of Health.
MODULE 2
Topic 2: Watson and Classical S-R (Stimulus Response) Behaviorism
DQ 1
John Watson was significantly critical of psychology including the study of consciousness via introspection. How does he propose to solve this issue? Do you believe that introspection is important in changing behavior? Why or why not?
DQ 2
What was Watson’s view of the environment? Do you agree with his Behaviorist Manifesto? Why or why not?
RESOURCES
Watson, J. B. (1913). Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Psychological Review, 20(2), 158-177. doi:10.1037/h0074428
Digdon, N., Powell, R. A., & Harris, B. (2014). Little Albert’s alleged neurological impairment.
History of Psychology, 17(4), 312-324. doi:10.1037/a0037325
Maul, J. (2016). Theoretical foundations: Creating a theoretical framework to guide development of research questions and hypotheses [Presentation].
MODULE 3
Topic 3: Neo- and Radical Behaviorism
DQ 1
Based on your analysis of Hull and Tolman’s work, was neo-behaviorism the best response to the issue of classical S-R behaviorism? Support your position.
DQ 2
Skinner’s radical behaviorism and operant conditioning differ from Watson’s classical behaviorism and classical conditioning. Which approach do you most agree with? Why?
RESOURCES
Anindyarini, A., Rokhman, F., Mulyani, M., & Andayani2. (2018). Behavioristic theory and its application in the learning of speech. KnE Publishing.
URL:https://knepublishing.com/index.php/Kne-Social/article/view/2714/5854
Tolman, E. C. (1922). A new formula for behaviorism. Psychological Review, 29(1), 44-53. doi:10.1037/h0070289
Ruiz, M. R. (1995). B. F. Skinner’s radical behaviorism: Historical misconstructions and grounds
for feminist reconstructions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 19(2), 161-179. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1995.tb00285x
URL:https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9547/6444b585893e554e20f1a60d5554abc3fa3f.pdf
Hull, C. L. (1934). The concept of the habit-family hierarchy, and maze learning. Part 1.
Psychological Review, 41(1), 33-54. doi:10.1037/h0070758
MODULE 4
DQ 1
What are the most significant points from Chomsky’s critique on Skinner? Do you agree or disagree with Chomsky’s critique of Skinner? Why or Why not?
DQ 2
How does Bandura’s concept of self-efficacy relate to your pursuit of obtaining your terminal degree? What strategies can you use to improve your self-efficacy in your academic research and writing?
RESOURCES
Chomsky, N. (1959). A review of B. F. Skinner’s verbal behavior. Language, 35(1), 26-58. doi: 10.2307/411334
URL:http://cogprints.org/1148/1/chomsky.htm
Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology,
52, 1-26. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1
Schunk, D. H. (2012). Social cognitive theory. In K. R. Harris, S. Graham, & T. Urdan (Eds.), APA
educational psychology handbook: Volume 1. Theories, constructs, and critical issues (pp. 101-123). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi: 10.1037/13273-005
MODULE 5
DQ 1
A gap exists between cognitive and behavioral psychology because cognitive theorists maintain that our approach to behavioral change rests solely in the way we think about the behavior. To what extent do you agree or disagree with the cognitive theorists? Support your position. Can the gap between cognitive and behavioral psychology be bridged? Why or why not?
DQ 2
Might a cognitive-affective processing system provide a more thorough understanding of an individual’s personality than older models (e.g. Freud’s theory of personality)? Why or why not? Support your view with relevant current research.
RESOURCES
Okon-Singer, H., Hendler, T., Pessoa, L., & Shackman. A. J. (2015). The neurobiology of emotion-cognition interactions: Fundamental questions and strategies for future research.
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 1-4. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00058
URL:https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2015-35761-001&site=eds-live&scope=site
Moore, J. (2013). Tutorial: Cognitive psychology as a radical behaviorist views it. The Psychological Record, 63(3), 667-680.
URL:https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=89562035&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Mischel, W., & Shoda, Y. (1995). A cognitive-affective system theory of personality: Reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and invariance in personality structure. Psychological Review, 102(2), 246-268.
MODULE 6
DQ 1
To what extent might attribution theory provide and understanding of a person’s behavior? How can a person in a leadership position (e.g. teacher, parent, coach, or supervisor) use this theory to motivate an unmotivated individual? Support your view with relevant current research.
DQ 2
To what extent, if at all, can Deci and Ryan’s (2008) self-determination theory assist individuals in their personal or professional goals? Support your view with relevant current research.
RESOURCES
Locke, E. A., & Schattke, K. (2018). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: Time for expansion and clarification. Motivation Science, 1-15. doi:10.1037/mot0000116
Deci , E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Facilitating optimal motivation and psychological well-being across life’s domains. Canadian Psychology, 49(1), 14-23.
Niemiec, C. P., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2009). The path taken: Consequences of attaining intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations in post-college life. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(3), 291-306.
URL:https://www-sciencedirect-com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S0092656608001360
MODULE 7
DQ 1
It is suggested effects of oxytocin explain altruistic behaviors. Should this knowledge be used to promote prosocial behaviors? Why or why not? Support your position with relevant research and examples.
DQ 2
With the understanding that etiology of impulse control issues associated with treatments for Parkinson’s disease is complex, consider the ethical concerns of any psychopharmacological treatment that may lead to gambling, increase risk-taking behaviors, or other potentially harmful behaviors. Is such treatment worth the risks of potential side-effects? Why or why not? Support your view. How does your personal worldview influence your position in this discussion? Explain.
RESOURCES
Botvinick, M., & Braver, T. (2015). Motivation and cognitive control: From behavior to neural
mechanism. Annual Review of Psychology, 66, 83-113. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015044
URL:https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b573/936130a303493a67791df4b1cda87679b0ce.pdf
Riedl, R., Javor, A., Gefen, D., Felten, A., & Reuter, M. (2017). Oxytocin, trust, and trustworthiness:
The moderating role of music. Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics, 10(1), 1-8. doi:10.1037/npe0000070
Simioni, A. C., Dagher, A., & Fellows, L. K. (2012). Dissecting the effects of disease and treatment
on impulsivity in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 18(6), 942-951. doi: 10.1017/S135561771200094X
Lukas, M., Toth, I., Reber, S. O., Slattery, D. A., Veenema, A. H., & Neumann, I. D. (2011). The neuropeptide oxytocin facilitates pro-social behavior and prevents social avoidance in rats and mice. Neuropsychopharmacology, 36(11), 2159-2168. doi: 10.1038/npp.2011.95
MODULE 8
DQ 1
Why is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) effective? In a nonclinical sense, how can CBT or behavior analysis help a doctoral learner succeed?
DQ 2
ORDER NOW FOR CUSTOMIZED, PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPERS
Reflect on three of the articles you have chosen for the literature review assignment. How will these articles help you proceed from here?
RESOURCES
Cristea, I. A., Montgomery, G. H., Szamoskozi, S., & David, D. (2013). Key constructs in “classical” and “new wave” cognitive behavioral psychotherapies: Relationships among each other and with emotional distress. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(6), 584-599.
Lerman, D. C., Iwata, B. A., & Hanley, G. P. (2013). Applied behavior analysis. In G. J. Madden (Ed.), APA Handbook of Behavior Analysis: Volume 1. Methods and Principles (pp. 81-104). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Wenzel, A. (2013). Chapter 6: Behavioral activation. In Strategic decision making in cognitive behavioral therapy (pp. 127-143). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Suveg, C., Jones, A., Davis, M., Jacob, M. L., Morelen, D., Thomassin, K., & Whitehead, M. (2018). Emotion-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for youth with anxiety disorders: A randomized trial. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46(3), 569-580. doi:10.1007/s10802-017-0319-0
URL:https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsgao&AN=edsgcl.530385285&site=eds-live&scope=site
Carpenter, J. K., Andrews, L. A., Witcraft, S. M., Powers, M. B., Smits, J. A. J., & Hofmann, S. G. (2108). Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and related disorders: A meta‐analysis of randomized placebo‐controlled trials. Depression and Anxiety, 35(6), 502-514.